THE PRACTICE COLLECTION / VOL. 100

Build something great.
Start with one good step.

Composure, software, sales, and more. Turn what you know into something you can demonstrate. Pick one useful exercise from 100 drills across 10 connected disciplines.

100practical drills
10connected disciplines
5–30min / drill

01 / CHOOSE YOUR DIRECTION

Start with five steps toward a goal.

Follow a route in order, or choose the one exercise you need. You can spread the five drills across several days.

5 STEPS / trust

Build trust at work

Composure → updates → commitments → quality → reflection

This route 0 / 5
  1. 01Separate silence from its possible meanings5 min
  2. 02Give a three-sentence progress report5 min
  3. 03Agree on what a good result means5 min
  4. 04Count success from the user’s operation5 min
  5. 05Name one useful action and finish5 min

Times are estimates. Stopping partway through is not a failure.

5 STEPS / build

Become a capable builder

Problem → design → implementation → tests → operations

This route 0 / 5
  1. 01Describe a user’s job without personal details5 min
  2. 02Create two tables that reject duplicates20 min
  3. 03Write a filter that preserves its input10 min
  4. 04Catch a boundary bug with a test20 min
  5. 05Log only what you need10 min

Times are estimates. Stopping partway through is not a failure.

5 STEPS / launch

Turn value into a business

Discovery → proposal → message → measurement → economics

This route 0 / 5
  1. 01Agree on the purpose in the first minute5 min
  2. 02Turn “more convenient” into a decision criterion10 min
  3. 03Define an audience through a specific situation5 min
  4. 04Read the numbers from impressions to purchases20 min
  5. 05Calculate what one sale contributes5 min

Times are estimates. Stopping partway through is not a failure.

5 STEPS / invent

Make an idea tangible

Observation → assumptions → alternatives → prototype → test

This route 0 / 5
  1. 01Turn friction into an observable action5 min
  2. 02Inventory the assumptions10 min
  3. 03Find three ways to solve one problem10 min
  4. 04Test the value without writing code20 min
  5. 05Make a trial comparison fair20 min

Times are estimates. Stopping partway through is not a failure.

5 STEPS / partner

Work well with partners

Listen → expectations → roles → alignment → reflection

This route 0 / 5
  1. 01Clarify what “make it clear” means10 min
  2. 02Agree on what a good result means5 min
  3. 03Separate advice from decision authority10 min
  4. 04Replan around a delayed handoff10 min
  5. 05Exchange one useful piece of feedback at a time20 min

Times are estimates. Stopping partway through is not a failure.

02 / YOUR PRACTICE LIBRARY

Read. Make. Check.

Open a brief and work through it using the fictional scenario. Try your own answer before opening the example, then check the three success criteria.

001Composure5 minSeparate silence from its possible meaningsSeparate what you know from what you predict, then choose when to check again.Foundation

The brief

In a fictional shared task, someone has not replied to your request for a review. The agreed response time has not yet passed.

Three steps to try

  1. Describe the observable fact in one sentence.
  2. Name your first interpretation and one other possible explanation.
  3. Choose a different task for now and draft a check-in for after the agreed response time.
What to make

One sentence each for the fact, possible interpretations, and next check.

Try it first, then open the example
Fact: There is no reply yet. Possibility: They may not have reviewed it. After the agreed time, ask, “When do you expect to be able to review this?”
A common pitfall

Treating response speed as a complete measure of how someone values you.

Check what you can demonstrate

Tick a criterion after trying it and explaining your result. Your answer does not have to match the example.

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002Composure5 minFind one small step after an interruptionChoose a small action that lets you resume without reconstructing everything first.Foundation

The brief

You were making a fictional information card when another task interrupted you. Now you cannot remember where to restart.

Three steps to try

  1. Identify one completed part and one unfinished part.
  2. Shrink the next action to something like choosing one heading.
  3. Do that action, then describe where to start next.
What to make

One completed action and a clear starting point for the next one.

Try it first, then open the example
The heading is done. Add “a pen” to the supplies list. Next time, begin with the first line of the venue directions.
A common pitfall

Trying to rebuild the entire project before taking a single step.

Check what you can demonstrate

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003Composure10 minTurn a revision request into a taskConvert the feedback into a specific revision without treating it as a judgment of your whole ability.Foundation

The brief

A fictional notice receives this feedback: “Too much text. Please shorten it.” You feel discouraged.

Three steps to try

  1. Extract the requested change and separate it from judgments about yourself.
  2. Write one question about information that must stay.
  3. Imagine the answer and turn a two-sentence explanation into one sentence.
What to make

One clarification question and one shorter notice.

Try it first, then open the example
Ask, “Should I keep the arrival time and supplies?” Revised notice: “Arrive ten minutes early and bring a pen.”
A common pitfall

Turning one request for a revision into “I cannot do anything well.”

Check what you can demonstrate

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004Composure5 minName one useful action and finishNotice both a useful action and a possible improvement, then end the practice.Foundation

The brief

You practiced a fictional explanation. You stumbled over a phrase, but you did ask a question to check understanding.

Three steps to try

  1. Name one action you actually took, without using a personality label.
  2. Choose only one change for next time.
  3. End the session and leave a short starting step for the next one.
What to make

Three lines: what you did, what comes next, and where you stop.

Try it first, then open the example
Done: I checked understanding. Next time: shorten the opening to one sentence. That is enough for today.
A common pitfall

Cancelling every useful observation by immediately adding “but.”

Check what you can demonstrate

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005Composure10 minPut overlapping tasks in an orderUse deadlines and consequences to choose an order instead of carrying all three tasks at once.Applied

The brief

For a fictional event, you are thinking about tomorrow’s notice, next week’s supplies list, and a venue-time check due today.

Three steps to try

  1. For each task, state its deadline and the consequence of a delay.
  2. Choose what needs checking first and say what can wait.
  3. Define the first action and draft a short question to confirm the order.
What to make

An ordered list of three tasks and a priority-check question.

Try it first, then open the example
Check the venue time, then draft tomorrow’s notice, then prepare next week’s list. “Does this order fit our priorities?”
A common pitfall

Starting whichever task comes to mind and leaving all three unfinished.

Check what you can demonstrate

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006Composure10 minFind choices inside a changed planConfirm the constraint and direct your effort toward choices you can still make.Applied

The brief

A large table is no longer available for a fictional display. A smaller table is available.

Three steps to try

  1. Separate fixed constraints from things that remain open for discussion.
  2. Create two display options using the smaller table.
  3. For one option, name a requirement and one question for the responsible person.
What to make

A fixed constraint, two options, and one question.

Try it first, then open the example
Fixed: The large table is unavailable. Options: show fewer items or rotate the display. Ask the organizer how much aisle space is required.
A common pitfall

Treating “the original plan changed” as “nothing can be done.”

Check what you can demonstrate

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007Composure20 minTurn a small error into a repair sequencePractice checking the impact, correcting the information, and verifying the change.Applied

The brief

In a fictional practice map, you marked entrance A as the meeting point, but entrance B is correct. The training map has not actually been distributed.

Three steps to try

  1. Under the fictional conditions, identify who could be affected and how.
  2. Draft a correction with the error, the right information, and the next action.
  3. Choose what to check after the correction and one check that could prevent a repeat.
What to make

An unsent correction draft and one verification item.

Try it first, then open the example
“The entrance shown on the map is incorrect. The correct meeting point is entrance B. I will check the location and arrow on the revised map. I am sorry for the error.”
A common pitfall

Spending so long blaming yourself that the correction and impact check are delayed.

Check what you can demonstrate

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008Composure10 minGive a completed reflection an endingSeparate completed follow-up from remaining action, then close the reflection.Applied

The brief

Your explanation ran long in a fictional meeting. You have prepared a shorter opening for next time, but keep replaying the same moment.

Three steps to try

  1. Name one lesson and one response you have already completed.
  2. Schedule any remaining action, or state that no further action is needed.
  3. Say an ending sentence and move to a chosen task or break.
What to make

One lesson, the status of remaining action, and an ending sentence.

Try it first, then open the example
Lesson: Start with the conclusion. The shorter opening is ready. No further action is needed now. I am taking a break.
A common pitfall

Making “I no longer feel bothered” a requirement for ending reflection.

Check what you can demonstrate

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009Composure20 minTurn a vague evaluation into clear criteriaClarify criteria and agree on a small revision instead of guessing the entire evaluation.Advanced

The brief

A fictional proposal receives only “Make it better” as feedback. You do not know what is missing or where to start.

Three steps to try

  1. Separate the stated request from the criteria that remain unknown.
  2. Ask about the most important criterion and a useful example; imagine two different answers.
  3. Create a minimal revision for each answer and choose a point for review.
What to make

Two possible answers, each with a revision and review plan.

Try it first, then open the example
“Should I focus first on readability or supporting evidence?” For readability, shorten the opening; for evidence, add one verified finding.
A common pitfall

Revising every section extensively before understanding what needs improvement.

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010Composure30 minMatch an ambitious goal to a sustainable practiceKeep the goal while creating practical choices for shorter practice and rest.Advanced

The brief

In a fictional learning plan, you intended to practice explanations for thirty minutes every time. The time available varies from day to day.

Three steps to try

  1. Choose one behavior to improve and design a five-minute and a twenty-minute practice.
  2. Assign the options across three fictional days: busy, spacious, and a rest day.
  3. Set a condition for reducing the practice and a date for reviewing the plan.
What to make

Two practice options and a three-day plan that includes rest.

Try it first, then open the example
Five minutes: explain the idea in one sentence. Twenty minutes: rehearse answers to two questions. Skip a crowded day and adjust the plan at the next review.
A common pitfall

Treating every skipped day as a debt that must be repaid.

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011Communication5 minGive a three-sentence progress reportReport what is done, what is uncertain, and what needs checking.Foundation

The brief

You are preparing a fictional book-club notice. The text is complete, but the room number is still awaiting confirmation.

Three steps to try

  1. Describe the completed part in one sentence.
  2. Describe the missing information and its effect in one sentence.
  3. Ask who should check what, then read the three sentences together.
What to make

A three-sentence update you can say aloud.

Try it first, then open the example
The notice text is complete. The room number is unconfirmed, so the final distribution copy is not ready. Should we ask the venue coordinator to confirm the number?
A common pitfall

Giving a long history without making the current status and needed check clear.

Check what you can demonstrate

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012Communication10 minClarify what “make it clear” meansClarify the reader, the situation, and the action the guide should support.Foundation

The brief

You are asked to make a fictional guide “clear for first-time users.” Its length and setting have not been agreed.

Three steps to try

  1. Write one question about the reader and one about where the guide will be used.
  2. Ask what the reader should be able to do afterward.
  3. Invent answers and write one proposed completion criterion.
What to make

Three questions and a proposed definition of done.

Try it first, then open the example
“Who will read this, and where? What should they be able to do afterward?” Proposed criterion: a first-time visitor can identify the reception area from the guide.
A common pitfall

Defining clarity only through your own preferences.

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013Communication5 minReflect a point and invite correctionReflect the priority in one sentence and leave room for correction.Foundation

The brief

In a fictional meeting, someone says, “Appearance matters, but making it easy to use comes first.”

Three steps to try

  1. Identify the purpose and priority in the statement.
  2. Restate it without adding your own proposal.
  3. Ask what you have missed, invent a correction, and revise your summary.
What to make

An initial summary and a corrected version.

Try it first, then open the example
“Have I understood correctly that ease of use comes first, with appearance next?” After clarification: “So the first priority is reducing confusion for first-time users.”
A common pitfall

Using a summary to steer the other person into agreeing with your own proposal.

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014Communication10 minFlag a likely delay earlyPractice explaining a likely delay, its scope, and available choices before the deadline.Foundation

The brief

A fictional display card is due this afternoon, but its illustration is awaiting review. You can provide the text at the agreed time.

Three steps to try

  1. Separate the delayed part from what you can deliver on time.
  2. Create an option to review the text first and another to wait for the complete version.
  3. Use only supported estimates and ask which option matters more.
What to make

An unsent draft that flags the delay and offers choices.

Try it first, then open the example
The illustration is awaiting review, so the final version has no confirmed completion time. I can provide the text as planned. Would you like to review that first?
A common pitfall

Waiting for complete certainty until the other person has no time to adjust.

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015Communication10 minDiscuss the scope of an added requestAcknowledge the request and discuss a practical change in scope or timing.Applied

The brief

In a fictional task, you are asked to make a new diagram as well as revise a notice. Completing both within the agreed time looks unlikely.

Three steps to try

  1. Identify what you can complete and the effort needed for the addition.
  2. Create an option to finish the notice first and another to prioritize the diagram.
  3. State what is possible and ask for a priority decision.
What to make

A response containing two adjustment options.

Try it first, then open the example
I can finish the notice revision within the agreed time. If the diagram comes first, the notice will need to move later. Which should take priority?
A common pitfall

Silently accepting a workload you already expect to be unmanageable.

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016Communication20 minGive feedback someone can act onDescribe an observed behavior, its impact, and a specific request without judging the person.Applied

The brief

During a fictional instruction rehearsal, a speaker skips a step and the listener hesitates over the next action.

Three steps to try

  1. Write one sentence about the observed behavior and one about the visible effect.
  2. Choose one action to request next time.
  3. Ask about the circumstances, invent an answer, and adjust your request.
What to make

An initial feedback statement and an adjusted request.

Try it first, then open the example
Step two was not explained, and the listener hesitated over which button to press. Could you show the numbered steps in order next time? Was there a time constraint?
A common pitfall

Turning a specific improvement into a judgment of someone’s personality or overall ability.

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017Communication20 minTurn a disagreement into a fair comparisonMove from competing claims to a shared purpose and useful comparison criteria.Applied

The brief

For a fictional display, one person favors a single large sign while another favors several smaller signs.

Three steps to try

  1. Describe what each option is trying to achieve.
  2. Choose two shared criteria and identify one difference in the conditions.
  3. Propose a small comparison using a paper model and a point for discussing the result.
What to make

A shared purpose, comparison criteria, and a small comparison plan.

Try it first, then open the example
The goal is helping visitors find reception. Could we use a model to compare hesitation and missed signs, then discuss what we observe?
A common pitfall

Describing the other person’s option unfairly before comparing it with your own.

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018Communication10 minAsk and check understanding in EnglishUse short English sentences to ask for a specific example and clarify anything you miss.Applied

The brief

In a fictional shared project, someone says, “The instructions feel rushed.” You do not yet know which part they mean.

Three steps to try

  1. Write one English question asking which part needs attention.
  2. Invent an answer and write a sentence to check your understanding.
  3. Say a request for repetition aloud, followed by a next action after clarification.
What to make

Four sentences: a question, an understanding check, a repetition request, and a next step.

Try it first, then open the example
“Which step needs more explanation?” “Do you mean step two?” “Could you say that again more slowly?” “I will add an example to step two.”
A common pitfall

Pretending to understand and starting a revision based on unconfirmed information.

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019Communication20 minAlign on agreements at the end of a meetingSummarize decisions, open questions, ownership, and the next check without mixing them together.Advanced

The brief

In a fictional event meeting, the group agrees to try a paper guide first. Ownership, a review date, and whether to include a diagram remain undecided.

Three steps to try

  1. Separate decisions from unresolved questions.
  2. Give the next action a role and date, marking them as proposals if they are not agreed.
  3. Write an end-of-meeting summary and incorporate one invented correction.
What to make

A meeting summary with clear decisions and open items.

Try it first, then open the example
Agreed: Try a paper guide first. Open: Whether to include a diagram. Proposal: The drafting role prepares one version before our next meeting. Does that match your understanding?
A common pitfall

Recording an idea mentioned in discussion as an agreed decision.

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020Communication30 minRepair a missed commitment with a realistic next checkAcknowledge what happened and propose a realistic repair with a progress check.Advanced

The brief

In a fictional shared task, you said you would review something that afternoon. The agreed time has passed without the review.

Three steps to try

  1. Separate the commitment, current status, and impact on the other person.
  2. Identify what you can do now and what must be checked before setting a new time.
  3. Ask about their schedule and propose a manageable new agreement and progress checkpoint.
What to make

A draft containing an apology, a repair proposal, a new-agreement request, and a progress check.

Try it first, then open the example
I have not completed the review I promised this afternoon, and I am sorry. How does this affect your next step? I will check the remaining scope now so we can agree on a realistic review time.
A common pitfall

Promising an even tighter deadline on impulse to try to restore trust.

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021Sales5 minAgree on the purpose in the first minuteAgree on the time and purpose based on what the other person needs.Foundation

The brief

This fictional consultation was requested by the other person. You plan to discuss information materials, but do not yet know what they want from today’s conversation.

Three steps to try

  1. Write one sentence checking how much time is available.
  2. Write one question about what would be useful to learn today.
  3. Imagine an answer with time available and another with no time today; adapt your next sentence to each.
What to make

Two opening sentences and a response to each possible answer.

Try it first, then open the example
“Would now be a good time for ten minutes? What would be useful to work through today?” If time is unavailable: “Understood. Let us stop here for today.”
A common pitfall

Assuming a requested consultation gives you permission to complete your entire prepared presentation.

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022Sales10 minExplore one recent example before explaining a productUnderstand the current process and a specific difficulty through a recent example.Foundation

The brief

In a fictional consultation, someone says creating event notices is difficult. You do not yet know which part takes the effort.

Three steps to try

  1. Ask them to walk you through one recent notice.
  2. Invent two answers: finding materials takes effort, and waiting for review takes effort.
  3. Write a follow-up for each answer and a question about what already works well.
What to make

An opening question and two answer-specific follow-up questions.

Try it first, then open the example
“How did you put together your most recent notice?” For materials: “Where did you look?” For review: “At which stage did progress stop?”
A common pitfall

Choosing a product or feature based only on the word difficult.

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023Sales10 minAsk about impact and leave unknown numbers unknownExplore impact and priority without inventing losses or benefits.Foundation

The brief

A fictional notice coordinator says revisions can delay distribution. You do not know how often this happens or how long the delays last.

Three steps to try

  1. Write questions about frequency, affected tasks, and priority among other issues.
  2. Use this fictional answer: frequency is unknown, but the latest revision affected distribution preparation.
  3. Separate known information from unknowns and choose one point to investigate next.
What to make

Three questions and a clear separation of knowns and unknowns.

Try it first, then open the example
“How often does this happen? What changes in the work afterward? Where does this sit among the issues you want to address?” Leave frequency marked as unknown.
A common pitfall

Adding an imagined loss or urgency to make the problem sound larger.

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024Sales10 minTurn “more convenient” into a decision criterionClarify how they would recognize improvement before turning the wish into a feature list.Foundation

The brief

A fictional customer wants creating notices to be more convenient. They have not asked for a particular feature.

Three steps to try

  1. Ask what would change in a recent task if the process were more convenient.
  2. Use the fictional answer “Reviewers would not get confused” and turn it into an observable condition.
  3. Write a question to confirm that condition and another about what must remain unchanged.
What to make

An improvement criterion and two questions to check it.

Try it first, then open the example
“Would it help if reviewers could see what changed from the notice itself? What works about the current approach that you would want to keep?”
A common pitfall

Treating the number or novelty of features as the definition of convenience.

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025Sales20 minPresent evidence alongside limitationsDistinguish what you can support from what you cannot claim.Applied

The brief

You are practicing a proposal for a fictional notice service. The exercise establishes two conditions: paper notices are supported, with one revision. Digital distribution and time savings are unverified.

Three steps to try

  1. Make three columns: customer need, established conditions, and unknowns.
  2. State one possible benefit supported by the conditions and check that it does not guarantee an outcome.
  3. Propose a small trial or a checking process for an unresolved point.
What to make

A three-column outline and a short proposal with evidence and limits.

Try it first, then open the example
We can provide paper notices with one revision. Digital distribution and time savings remain unverified. Would comparing ease of review with fictional drafts be a useful first trial?
A common pitfall

Treating the presence of a feature as proof that it will produce a particular outcome.

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026Sales10 minAdapt your response to the meaning of “expensive”Prepare information that fits the price concern before discussing a discount.Applied

The brief

Someone calls your fictional proposal expensive. You do not know whether the total is unaffordable or the included work is unclear.

Three steps to try

  1. Write a short question about what concerns them about the cost.
  2. Imagine two answers: it exceeds the budget, and the included work is unclear.
  3. Create different next steps: discuss scope or passing for the first answer, and explain the breakdown for the second.
What to make

One clarifying question and a response to each answer.

Try it first, then open the example
“What concerns you most about the cost?” For budget: “We could explore a smaller scope.” For clarity: “Let us separate the included work from anything charged additionally.”
A common pitfall

Discounting before understanding the concern and leaving the real issue unresolved.

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027Sales10 minAccept a no and close the conversationRespect the decision and finish without pressing for another chance or follow-up.Applied

The brief

In a fictional consultation, the other person clearly says, “Our current approach is enough. We do not need this.”

Three steps to try

  1. Write a response of no more than three sentences that acknowledges the decision and closes the discussion.
  2. Remove any demand for reasons, referrals, or an unrequested follow-up.
  3. In a separate fictional version, imagine they volunteer to contact you if their needs change; write a response.
What to make

A response to a clear no and one to a customer-initiated future conversation.

Try it first, then open the example
“Understood. We will leave it here. Thank you for your time.” If they say they will contact you later: “Understood.”
A common pitfall

Treating a refusal as a cue to restart the persuasion from a different angle.

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028Sales20 minCompare three options in a one-page proposalHelp the customer compare value, costs, effort, and limitations.Applied

The brief

Changes are hard to spot in a fictional event notice. Options include keeping the current process, adding a review checklist, or trying a small notice service.

Three steps to try

  1. State the problem and the improvement criterion confirmed with the fictional customer.
  2. For each option, outline cost, preparation effort, expected change, and unknowns; label missing values as unknown.
  3. Propose a small comparison and a point to decide whether to continue or pass.
What to make

A one-page proposal draft comparing three options.

Try it first, then open the example
Keeping the process requires no setup change. A checklist needs preparation. A service trial requires cost and revision-scope checks. Compare how easily changes can be found in model drafts.
A common pitfall

Explaining only your preferred option and omitting the strengths of alternatives.

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029Sales30 minUnderstand the decision process through rolesMap the decision process and information needs using roles without gathering personal information.Advanced

The brief

A fictional customer is interested in improving notices but cannot decide on adoption alone. Required approvals and user checks are still unclear.

Three steps to try

  1. Write questions about whether user review, cost approval, and operational review are needed.
  2. Invent the customer’s explanation and map it using roles only, marking unknown parts.
  3. Choose the comparison information they need and one next check to agree on.
What to make

A role-based decision outline and one point to clarify next.

Try it first, then open the example
“If you explore this, in what order would user review and cost approval be needed?” Map a fictional sequence: review by intended users, followed by budget approval.
A common pitfall

Bypassing the conversation partner to contact or pitch another decision-maker.

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030Sales30 minKeep negotiation within commitments you can makeClarify priorities, explain tradeoffs, and identify the approval needed.Advanced

The brief

In a fictional notice-service negotiation, someone asks for more revisions and an earlier deadline at the same price. For this exercise, you have no authority to change the terms.

Three steps to try

  1. Ask which matters more: revision flexibility or the earlier deadline.
  2. Map changes to scope, timing, and cost, then create two options that remain subject to approval.
  3. State what you can commit to, what must be checked, and when the next agreement would be discussed.
What to make

Two options and a response clearly marking them as unapproved.

Try it first, then open the example
“Which matters more: the revision allowance or the deadline? Changes need approval. We could explore a smaller scope for earlier delivery, or discuss revisions while keeping the original date.”
A common pitfall

Agreeing to unverified delivery conditions to secure the sale quickly.

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031Invention5 minTurn friction into an observable actionTurn a vague inconvenience into a testable problem.Foundation

The brief

A fictional library guide requires comparing three calendars to find an open branch.

Three steps to try

  1. Write five steps from starting the search to finding a result.
  2. Mark repeated actions and distinguish given facts from assumptions.
  3. Choose one repeated action and write a problem statement.
What to make

An action list and a problem statement with supporting evidence.

Try it first, then open the example
Problem: the same date must be found on three calendars. Hypothesis: selecting it once will make comparison easier.
A common pitfall

Calling the interface confusing without identifying an action to change.

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032Invention10 minInventory the assumptionsIdentify what must be true for the idea to work.Foundation

The brief

You are considering a fictional park drinking-fountain guide without location tracking.

Three steps to try

  1. Write five assumptions behind the proposed benefit.
  2. Label each as supported or untested.
  3. Choose the assumption whose failure would undermine the idea and define a check.
What to make

Five assumptions and one priority check.

Try it first, then open the example
Untested: outage information can be maintained. Check: add one fictional outage and rehearse updating every affected display.
A common pitfall

Assuming information will stay accurate because the interface is easy to build.

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033Invention10 minFind three ways to solve one problemDevelop alternatives before committing to the first idea.Foundation

The brief

Items are difficult to find in a practice guide containing invented sorting rules.

Three steps to try

  1. Define the job as finding a rule from an item.
  2. Sketch a list, a question flow, and a search interface.
  3. Walk through the same three fictional items in each design.
What to make

Three sketches and a reasoned selection.

Try it first, then open the example
Try a list for ten items. Search may be faster, but it needs a strategy for alternative item names.
A common pitfall

Developing the favorite option thoroughly while leaving the alternatives too vague to compare.

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034Invention10 minInvent within clear constraintsFind the smallest mechanism that respects all three constraints.Foundation

The brief

Design a fictional exhibition guide with no connection, one screen, and no registration.

Three steps to try

  1. List five potentially useful pieces of information.
  2. Choose three essentials and arrange them on one screen.
  3. Specify how stale information is identified and replaced.
What to make

A single-screen design and an update rule.

Try it first, then open the example
Bundle exhibit names, locations, and descriptions; label them “Practice data, version 2; no automatic updates.” Replace the file to update.
A common pitfall

Moving essential work to another screen or service to sidestep the constraints.

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035Invention20 minBorrow a mechanism from another toolAdapt a useful mechanism from a different context.Applied

The brief

Closure notices get lost among regular hours in a fictional library guide.

Three steps to try

  1. Choose a timetable, a sticky note, or a traffic signal.
  2. Describe what it accomplishes without mentioning its appearance.
  3. Apply that mechanism to open, closed, and unknown library states.
What to make

An explanation of the borrowed mechanism and three state sketches.

Try it first, then open the example
Borrow the idea of showing status first from traffic signals. Place “Open,” “Closed,” or “Unverified” beside each library name.
A common pitfall

Copying colors and shapes without improving how information is communicated.

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036Invention20 minDefine what would disprove the ideaAvoid judging the idea only by favorable outcomes.Applied

The brief

You expect category buttons to reduce confusion in a fictional exhibit search.

Three steps to try

  1. State one expected improvement.
  2. Define outcomes that would trigger revision or remain inconclusive.
  3. Plan to try the same three fictional tasks with and without the buttons.
What to make

A check plan with adoption, revision, and inconclusive conditions.

Try it first, then open the example
Revise if category names create more hesitation. Remain undecided if all three tasks are too easy to reveal a difference.
A common pitfall

Changing the definition of success after seeing the result.

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037Invention20 minTest the value without writing codeCheck whether the interaction helps complete a task before implementation.Applied

The brief

A fictional equipment catalog might benefit from an availability filter. No personal loan records are involved.

Three steps to try

  1. Create six cards with equipment names and invented availability states.
  2. Simulate “Show available” by rearranging the cards manually.
  3. Complete two fictional search tasks and record missing information.
What to make

Six prototype cards and a list of discovered gaps.

Try it first, then open the example
Finding an available tripod required both status and equipment type. Test a type filter next.
A common pitfall

Spending the session polishing the cards instead of testing the interaction.

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038Invention20 minExplain the difference with a comparisonDescribe a useful difference rather than merely calling an idea new.Applied

The brief

Compare a paper list, a static page, and date search for an invented opening-days guide.

Three steps to try

  1. Use search steps, update effort, and connectivity as comparison dimensions.
  2. Fill in each option’s conditions and trade-offs.
  3. Define one condition for choosing date search and one for rejecting it.
What to make

A three-by-three comparison and a conditional recommendation.

Try it first, then open the example
Try a static page when updates are monthly and everything fits on one screen. Reconsider search when date comparisons become frequent.
A common pitfall

Claiming no competing product exists without researching actual alternatives.

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039Invention30 minIsolate one technical uncertaintyAnswer one technical question without building the complete product.Advanced

The brief

In an isolated practice environment, check whether bundled exhibit data can be searched without a connection.

Three steps to try

  1. Prepare ten invented exhibit names and three queries with known answers.
  2. Write a minimal function that searches only the local array.
  3. Inspect it for network calls and compare all three results with expectations.
What to make

The minimal function, three check results, and an untested-scope note.

Try it first, then open the example
Verified: the bundled array is searchable. Unverified: initial distribution, storage limits, and data updates.
A common pitfall

Treating a successful technical experiment as evidence that the whole product will work.

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040Invention30 minDecide to continue, change, or stopUse evidence to bound the next investment of effort.Advanced

The brief

An invented equipment-search trial works by category, but its availability labels are misunderstood.

Three steps to try

  1. List two confirmed findings, two failures, and two unknowns.
  2. Compare the work needed to continue, change direction, or stop.
  3. Choose one option and specify the next check and stopping condition.
What to make

A one-page decision with evidence and a future decision rule.

Try it first, then open the example
Change the labels and retry two fictional tasks. If confusion remains, defer availability search.
A common pitfall

Using the amount already built as the main reason to continue.

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041Product5 minDescribe a user’s job without personal detailsCreate a usage scenario that helps select features.Foundation

The brief

A fictional exhibition guide has only the vague objective “make things convenient.”

Three steps to try

  1. Describe the person by their role in the situation.
  2. Connect the trigger, objective, and observable outcome.
  3. Name one necessary feature and one unnecessary feature.
What to make

One usage scenario and two feature decisions.

Try it first, then open the example
At the entrance, a visitor finds an interesting exhibit’s location. Needed: exhibit list. Unneeded for now: a profile.
A common pitfall

Adding elaborate personal attributes instead of clarifying the task.

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042Product10 minExpress acceptance in three examplesMake completion observable through behavior.Foundation

The brief

Specify date selection for a fictional library search.

Three steps to try

  1. Cover dates with open branches, no open branches, and unknown data.
  2. Specify the input and expected display for each.
  3. Write steps another person could follow to verify the result.
What to make

Three acceptance criteria with inputs, actions, and outcomes.

Try it first, then open the example
Select an unrecorded date → display “Information is unavailable for this date,” not “All branches closed.”
A common pitfall

Specifying only success and treating missing information as a closure.

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043Product10 minConnect the interface statesDesign the transitions through waiting and failure as well as success.Foundation

The brief

A fictional facility search has a design only for successful results.

Three steps to try

  1. Draw idle, loading, results, no results, and failure states.
  2. Label arrows with the action or response that triggers them.
  3. Add useful next actions from failure and no results.
What to make

A five-state transition diagram.

Try it first, then open the example
Loading → network failure → error display → retry → loading. Preserve the query after failure.
A common pitfall

Adding an error message without a route out of the error state.

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044Product10 minCut the first release scopeChoose a small release that completes one useful job.Foundation

The brief

An invented library guide has six ideas: date search, maps, accounts, notifications, languages, and favorites.

Three steps to try

  1. Fix the objective as reading opening information for a chosen date.
  2. Sort the six ideas into now, later, or unnecessary, with reasons.
  3. Describe the initial scope, including Japanese and English guidance and essential states.
What to make

Six classified ideas and one release-scope sentence.

Try it first, then open the example
Now: date search and bilingual guidance. No accounts, alerts, or favorites yet. Investigate the need for a map later.
A common pitfall

Cutting essential error states as though they were optional extra features.

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045Product20 minCreate categories people can navigateMake item locations predictable from category labels.Applied

The brief

A fictional equipment list contains chairs, tables, tripods, lights, cables, and microphones.

Three steps to try

  1. Group the six items into two or three named categories.
  2. Choose one ambiguous item and define an alternative route to it.
  3. Walk through finding each item from its name.
What to make

A category diagram and six navigation checks.

Try it first, then open the example
Use “Furniture” and “Photo and audio.” Put cables in the latter, with an all-items view as another route.
A common pitfall

Naming categories solely around the builder’s administrative needs.

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046Product20 minSketch for keyboard useDesign the visual layout and interaction order together.Applied

The brief

A fictional exhibit list includes category selection and links to details.

Three steps to try

  1. Sketch headings, category controls, results, and detail links.
  2. Number the intended keyboard navigation order.
  3. Describe selected, focused, and no-results states in words.
What to make

A wireframe with navigation order and three state descriptions.

Try it first, then open the example
1 “Choose category” → 2 “Search” → 3 “Exhibit details.” Show selection with text and a shape change.
A common pitfall

Treating a wireframe as proof of accessibility and skipping interaction checks after implementation.

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047Product20 minWrite helpful messages in two languagesExplain the situation and an appropriate next action.Applied

The brief

A fictional facility guide labels invalid input, no matches, and network failure simply “Error.”

Three steps to try

  1. Separate what happened from what the person can do in each state.
  2. Write three Japanese and three English messages.
  3. Remove internal codes and language that blames the user.
What to make

A bilingual table of six messages covering three states.

Try it first, then open the example
「施設を読み込めませんでした。もう一度試してください。」 / “Could not load facilities. Try again.”
A common pitfall

Suggesting different filters when the actual problem is a failed connection.

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048Product20 minMake a trial comparison fairCreate a consistent trial that avoids leading participants.Applied

The brief

Compare a list and cards for finding exhibits in an invented guide.

Three steps to try

  1. Write two fictional search tasks with known answers.
  2. Keep instructions, time limits, and recorded observations consistent.
  3. Alternate the presentation order and plan consent and non-identifying records.
What to make

Two tasks, a trial script, and a blank observation table.

Try it first, then open the example
Task: “Find one outdoor exhibit.” Record whether it was completed and which label caused hesitation.
A common pitfall

Calling a control convenient in the instructions before evaluating whether people can use it.

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049Product30 minCompare metrics with their denominatorsCheck comparison conditions instead of treating a larger count as improvement.Advanced

The brief

In invented trials, the old version completed 8 of 10 tasks; the new version completed 12 of 20.

Three steps to try

  1. Tabulate completions, attempts, and completion rates.
  2. List necessary comparison conditions, including task difficulty and order.
  3. State what is known, what is unknown, and what to check next.
What to make

A calculation table and a qualified interpretation.

Try it first, then open the example
More tasks were completed, but this trial’s completion rate fell. Repeat equivalent tasks before interpreting the difference.
A common pitfall

Selecting only the number that makes the new version look better.

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050Product30 minWrite a one-page release decisionJudge readiness by required quality rather than the amount implemented.Advanced

The brief

A fictional opening-days guide has working search and two languages, but missing dates are incorrectly shown as closed.

Three steps to try

  1. Summarize purpose, scope, verified behavior, and unresolved issues.
  2. Describe the issue’s impact and the necessary checks.
  3. Choose release, reduced scope, or delay, with a reconsideration condition.
What to make

A release decision and explicit reconsideration conditions.

Try it first, then open the example
Delay. Correct missing dates to “Unrecorded,” then verify open, closed, and missing states in both languages before reconsidering.
A common pitfall

Giving the number of completed features more weight than an unresolved misleading result.

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051Engineering10 minWrite a filter that preserves its inputBuild a small function with clear inputs and outputs.Foundation

The brief

Filter three invented exhibits by category in an isolated local environment.

Three steps to try

  1. Create three fictional items with id and category fields.
  2. Write a function taking the list and a category and returning matches.
  3. Try two matches, no matches, and an empty list; compare the original input too.
What to make

A filter function and outputs for three cases.

Try it first, then open the example
const select = (items, category) => items.filter(item => item.category === category);
A common pitfall

Deleting elements from the source list while filtering.

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052Engineering10 minKeep unknown separate from falseModel states explicitly and detect invalid values.Foundation

The brief

A local fictional library dataset treats an unrecorded opening status as a closure.

Three steps to try

  1. Define open, closed, and unknown states.
  2. Write a function mapping each state to display text.
  3. Pass all three states and an undefined value; reject the invalid value.
What to make

State definitions, a display function, and four results.

Try it first, then open the example
open → Open; closed → Closed; unknown → Unverified; other → input validation error.
A common pitfall

Using an empty string, null, or false to represent several different meanings.

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053Engineering20 minCreate two tables that reject duplicatesProtect data through schema rules as well as application checks.Foundation

The brief

Use a disposable local PostgreSQL database for fictional facilities and opening dates.

Three steps to try

  1. Define a facility primary key and an opening-date table with facility ID and date.
  2. Add a foreign key and uniqueness across facility ID and date.
  3. Attempt one valid row, one duplicate date, and one nonexistent facility ID.
What to make

Two table definitions and three insertion outcomes.

Try it first, then open the example
Opening dates: facility_id NOT NULL, day NOT NULL, a foreign key to facilities, and UNIQUE(facility_id, day).
A common pitfall

Allowing nulls in the uniqueness columns without considering how they affect duplicate handling.

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054Engineering10 minSeparate SQL from search valuesKeep input text out of the SQL command structure.Foundation

The brief

Search fictional facility names containing an apostrophe in an isolated practice database.

Three steps to try

  1. Check the database library’s documented value-parameter syntax.
  2. Write a search that passes the SQL and values separately.
  3. Check a regular name, an invented name with an apostrophe, and no match.
What to make

A parameterized search and three results.

Try it first, then open the example
PostgreSQL structure: SELECT id FROM facilities WHERE name = $1, with the value array passed separately.
A common pitfall

Treating manual quote replacement as a substitute for parameterization.

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055Engineering20 minDefine the API contract firstAgree on successful and failed responses before implementation.Applied

The brief

Practice building the interface and server separately for a local fictional facility API.

Three steps to try

  1. Specify list-query inputs and response field types.
  2. Create JSON examples for results, an empty result, and an invalid filter.
  3. Return the examples from a stub and switch the interface states.
What to make

A one-page API contract and three response examples.

Try it first, then open the example
Results: {"items":[{"id":"F1","label":"Demo Hall"}]}; empty: {"items":[]}; invalid: {"error":"invalid_filter"}.
A common pitfall

Returning null for both an empty result and a connection failure.

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056Engineering20 minCatch a boundary bug with a testDetect an off-by-one error that a typical example could miss.Applied

The brief

Write a local paginator for fictional exhibits, with three items per page and page numbers starting at one.

Three steps to try

  1. Write expected results for zero, three, and four items first.
  2. Implement slicing and tests comparing actual and expected output.
  3. Shift the start position by one, observe failure, and restore it.
What to make

A paginator and a record of its test detecting the defect.

Try it first, then open the example
items.slice((page - 1) * 3, page * 3). Input [A,B,C,D] with page=2 should return [D].
A common pitfall

Calculating expected values with the same logic as the implementation and repeating its mistake.

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057Engineering20 minAvoid partial updates after interruptionUse a transaction for changes that must succeed together.Applied

The brief

Update an invented exhibit’s state and version together in disposable local PostgreSQL.

Three steps to try

  1. Create one fictional row and record its initial state and version.
  2. After BEGIN, update the state but ROLLBACK before changing the version.
  3. Verify restoration, then update both fields in another transaction and COMMIT.
What to make

Results for one canceled update and one successful update.

Try it first, then open the example
Initially: draft/1. After cancellation: draft/1. After committing both changes: published/2.
A common pitfall

Committing the first update separately while assuming the operations still form one transaction.

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058Engineering30 minEvaluate an index with execution plansExplain an indexing decision using measurements.Applied

The brief

Prepare 10,000 invented rows with sequential IDs and categories in disposable local PostgreSQL.

Three steps to try

  1. Create a category matching ten rows and save EXPLAIN ANALYZE for its SELECT.
  2. Add a category index, refresh statistics, and check the same query.
  3. Compare results and plans, recording small or absent improvements honestly.
What to make

Before-and-after plans, row counts, and a decision.

Try it first, then open the example
Record scan type, returned rows, measured duration, and index presence. Repeat small differences before drawing conclusions.
A common pitfall

Forgetting that EXPLAIN ANALYZE executes the statement and trying it on updates or production.

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059Engineering30 minSeparate responsibilities without changing behaviorCreate useful boundaries while preserving the result.Advanced

The brief

A local fictional exhibit-search prototype combines loading, filtering, and HTML rendering in one function.

Three steps to try

  1. Create a small combined function using three invented items and record its output.
  2. Separate loading, pure search logic, and rendering.
  3. Check the search independently and compare the overall output with the original.
What to make

Before-and-after code and a dependency diagram.

Try it first, then open the example
loadDemoData → selectExhibits → renderList. A category-rule change can be checked in selectExhibits independently.
A common pitfall

Adding many services or abstract classes to solve a small separation problem.

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060Engineering30 minPrepare a reviewable change and repeatable checksMake the purpose and verification of a change easy to follow.Advanced

The brief

Modify a fictional list-filter function in a disposable local Git repository without publishing it remotely.

Three steps to try

  1. Add a small filter and node:test cases, then commit the baseline.
  2. Change only empty-query handling and run node --test.
  3. Read the diff and document the reason, results, and the same command for a future CI check.
What to make

A focused diff, tests, and a review note.

Try it first, then open the example
Purpose: an empty query returns all items. Cases: empty, matching, and unmatched queries. CI check command: node --test.
A common pitfall

Reporting that checks passed without explaining what behavior the tests protect.

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061Reliability5 minCount success from the user’s operationDefine the monitored operation and what counts as success.Foundation

The brief

Five fictional searches produce success, success, failure, success, and success.

Three steps to try

  1. Define success here as correctly displaying results or a no-match state.
  2. Count all attempts and successes, then calculate the rate.
  3. Explain how to count a response that arrives but renders incorrectly.
What to make

A metric definition and one calculation.

Try it first, then open the example
Metric: searches whose outcome is correctly displayed divided by searches attempted. This sample is 4/5.
A common pitfall

Treating a server response as proof that the user completed the task.

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062Reliability10 minLog only what you needUnderstand failures without collecting personal data or input bodies.Foundation

The brief

Add diagnostic records to a local fictional search app.

Three steps to try

  1. Allow only an event name, outcome, and duration.
  2. Create one fictional success record and one failure record.
  3. Inspect them for query text, request bodies, or authentication fields.
What to make

An allowed-field definition and two example records.

Try it first, then open the example
{"event":"demo_search","status":"error","duration_ms":80}
A common pitfall

Recording entire requests or responses simply because they might be useful later.

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063Reliability10 minReproduce a failure in the interfaceVerify recovery from failure rather than an endless loading state.Foundation

The brief

Use a stub to simulate fictional data-loading failures in a local prototype with no network calls.

Three steps to try

  1. Provide a practice loader that always fails.
  2. Switch from loading to an error message with a retry action.
  3. Replace the stub with a successful one, retry, and inspect the results.
What to make

A recoverable interface and a check note.

Try it first, then open the example
Loading → “Could not load” with Retry → fictional facility list. No external requests are made.
A common pitfall

Showing an error while leaving the loading state active.

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064Reliability10 minWrite a short recovery runbookCreate a calm sequence of checks with an endpoint.Foundation

The brief

A local fictional exhibition page is blank because its practice data failed to load.

Three steps to try

  1. Separate symptoms, inspection points, and safe actions.
  2. Write at most five steps through recovery verification.
  3. Define when to stop and what information to hand over if recovery fails.
What to make

A practice runbook of no more than five steps.

Try it first, then open the example
Confirm isolation → check file existence → validate format → restore known-good practice data → verify three displayed entries.
A common pitfall

Writing a loop of repeated restarts without investigating the cause.

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065Reliability20 minRehearse returning to the previous versionReturn to a verified version after detecting a problem.Applied

The brief

In an isolated practice folder, prepare a correct fictional guide as v1 and a v2 with its heading missing.

Three steps to try

  1. Preserve v1 and v2 separately and display v2.
  2. Treat the missing heading as the stop condition and switch back to v1.
  3. Verify the heading, list, and version label, then record the sequence.
What to make

Rollback instructions and three post-recovery checks.

Try it first, then open the example
Stop: main heading missing. Return to v1. Verify: heading present, three fictional branches present, version label v1.
A common pitfall

Assuming the previous version can be recreated later instead of preserving it.

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066Reliability20 minCheck compatibility with old dataKeep existing displays usable during a format change.Applied

The brief

Add summary to local fictional exhibit JSON that previously contained only id and title.

Three steps to try

  1. Create one invented old-format record and one new-format record.
  2. Define the display when summary is absent and implement the reader.
  3. Check old, new, and incorrectly typed summary cases.
What to make

A compatible reader and three check results.

Try it first, then open the example
Missing summary → “Summary not available.” Numeric summary → validation error. Preserve the original practice JSON.
A common pitfall

Testing only new data and overlooking the period when old records still exist.

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067Reliability20 minCalculate an error budgetConnect a reliability objective to work priorities.Applied

The brief

A fictional exercise sets a 99% success target for 1,000 operations in a fixed window. Twelve operations failed.

Three steps to try

  1. Calculate allowed failures and the actual success rate.
  2. Determine how far failures exceeded the allowance.
  3. Choose whether to prioritize a feature or a reliability fix, with a reason.
What to make

The calculations and one proposed next task.

Try it first, then open the example
The budget is exceeded. Fix the invented loading failure first and check recovery with the same metric definition.
A common pitfall

Removing failed operations from the denominator to hide a missed objective.

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068Reliability20 minMeasure speed under comparable conditionsMeasure performance with reproducible conditions.Applied

The brief

Compare local functions searching 1,000 fictional exhibits in isolation. Send no load to external systems.

Three steps to try

  1. Fix the same dataset and query, with at most 100 calls per measurement.
  2. Alternate five before and five after measurements and verify equal results.
  3. Tabulate the measurements, variation, and environment conditions.
What to make

Ten measurements and a qualified conclusion.

Try it first, then open the example
Run 100 calls per measurement. If timing ranges overlap, record “No clear difference in this measurement.”
A common pitfall

Selecting one unusually fast run and forgetting to check output correctness.

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069Reliability30 minCheck authorization across six casesEnforce permissions beyond hiding interface controls.Advanced

The brief

Practice read and update authorization for fictional exhibits in a local server-like function, without real accounts.

Three steps to try

  1. Create a permission matrix for internal dummy reader, editor, and unknown roles across two actions.
  2. Write a function using trusted internal context and rejecting disallowed actions.
  3. Check all six cases and verify that changing role in the request body grants nothing.
What to make

A permission matrix, authorization function, and six results plus a spoofed-input check.

Try it first, then open the example
A reader context with role:editor in the request body still cannot update. This exercise does not implement authentication.
A common pitfall

Assuming that hiding an update button protects the update operation.

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070Reliability30 minWalk through release and recoveryConnect verification, stopping, recovery, and review into one sequence.Advanced

The brief

Rehearse releasing v2 of a fictional exhibition guide using paper records and an isolated environment, without a real deployment.

Three steps to try

  1. Record the version, checking role, key operations, stop conditions, and rollback target.
  2. Introduce a “missing list” incident card and walk through stopping and recovery verification.
  3. Fix one point of uncertainty and repeat the same scenario.
What to make

A rehearsal record and revised response instructions.

Try it first, then open the example
v2 list missing → stop → restore v1 → verify three entries in Japanese and English. Add version identification to the instructions.
A common pitfall

Reading the procedure without making the decisions required by an actual scenario.

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071Marketing5 minDefine an audience through a specific situationWrite one audience statement that makes the problem and buying criteria clear.Foundation

The brief

A fictional desk organizer kit is described only as “for people who want to tidy up.”

Three steps to try

  1. Choose one situation in which the product might be used.
  2. Describe one problem and how the person handles it today.
  3. Add a buying criterion and label untested ideas as assumptions.
What to make

One statement covering the person, situation, problem, and buying criterion.

Try it first, then open the example
Assumption: Someone keeps stationery in a box on a small desk but struggles to reach it. They want measurements to check whether an organizer fits the available space.
A common pitfall

Writing “for everyone,” or presenting an imagined problem as an observed fact.

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072Marketing10 minPair the offer with evidenceGive people useful buying information without inventing achievements.Foundation

The brief

The fictional organizer kit has a prototype but no customer track record.

Three steps to try

  1. List what the kit includes and excludes.
  2. Choose verifiable details such as dimensions, materials, or instructions.
  3. Write one product statement and describe how to substantiate it.
What to make

A note containing the scope, product statement, and evidence.

Try it first, then open the example
Prototype organizer kit with parts and instructions; tools are separate. A dimension sheet and assembly photos let buyers check the space and work required.
A common pitfall

Using untested benefits or fictional customer reviews as evidence.

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073Marketing10 minWrite two headlines with different reasons to chooseExpress two distinct reasons to choose in accurate headlines.Foundation

The brief

Dimensions and assembly instructions are available for a fictional kit. This is a writing exercise with no ad publishing.

Three steps to try

  1. Write the questions of a size-conscious buyer and an assembly-conscious buyer.
  2. Draft a headline answering each question.
  3. Attach the evidence and the next piece of information to view.
What to make

Two headlines, each with evidence and a next action.

Try it first, then open the example
A: “Find an organizer that fits your desk”—view dimensions. B: “See how the organizer goes together before you choose”—view assembly photos.
A common pitfall

Changing only the wording without knowing what distinction you want to compare.

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074Marketing10 minCarry the ad’s promise onto the landing pageCreate a page outline that answers the expectation set by the ad.Foundation

The brief

A fictional ad says “Check which size fits your desk.” You are planning its destination on paper.

Three steps to try

  1. Write what someone arriving from the ad wants to know first.
  2. Arrange four pieces of page content in reading order.
  3. Check that the product, conditions, and action match the ad.
What to make

A four-part page outline and a consistency check.

Try it first, then open the example
Dimensions and placement photos → parts and materials → price and delivery terms → view full specifications. Use the same kit throughout.
A common pitfall

Sending an ad about dimensions to an unrelated general page.

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075Marketing20 minRead the numbers from impressions to purchasesCalculate and distinguish click-through rate, purchase rate, and cost per purchase.Applied

The brief

Fictional data for one period: 10,000 impressions, 200 eligible clicks, 8 purchases, and ¥12,000 in ad spend.

Three steps to try

  1. Write the numerator and denominator for each metric.
  2. Calculate click-through rate, click-based purchase rate, and cost per purchase.
  3. State one thing this data cannot establish.
What to make

Three calculations and a note about an unresolved question.

Try it first, then open the example
200 ÷ 10,000 = 2%; 8 ÷ 200 = 4%; ¥12,000 ÷ 8 = ¥1,500. Without product costs, profitability remains unknown.
A common pitfall

Mixing denominators or declaring success from click-through rate alone.

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076Marketing20 minSeparate inquiries from business outcomesDesign a measurement map that separates intermediate actions from the final outcome.Applied

The brief

A fictional report contains 30 inquiries, 12 that fit the service, 5 quotations, and 2 orders.

Three steps to try

  1. Arrange the four stages and define what qualifies for each.
  2. Choose the main outcome and the supporting actions to observe.
  3. Define a rule for duplicate or unconfirmed records.
What to make

Definitions for four stages and a counting rule.

Try it first, then open the example
Main outcome: 2 orders. A fitting inquiry matches the service scope and requested timing. Follow-up messages about the same request do not count as new inquiries.
A common pitfall

Combining document views and orders into a single outcome to inflate the count.

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077Marketing20 minChange one thing in a comparisonMake it clear what the comparison could teach you.Applied

The brief

You are planning a fictional pre-launch comparison of headlines emphasizing dimensions or assembly.

Three steps to try

  1. Write the hypothesis in one sentence.
  2. Separate the changed variable from the conditions to hold consistent.
  3. Choose the outcome, review point, and conditions for withholding a conclusion.
What to make

A plan covering the hypothesis, change, shared conditions, and evaluation.

Try it first, then open the example
Hypothesis: People with limited space respond to dimensions. Plan a concurrent comparison with the same audience, product, and page. With very few purchases, leave the result unresolved.
A common pitfall

Changing the headline, price, and audience together and attributing the result only to the headline.

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078Marketing20 minWrite stop conditions before startingSeparate spending limits, faults, and missing evidence in a stop-and-review procedure.Applied

The brief

A fictional practice plan has a ¥6,000 total cost limit and ¥5,400 recorded so far. You will not operate a real campaign.

Three steps to try

  1. Calculate the remaining fictional budget.
  2. Write stop conditions for spending and a broken destination page.
  3. Name the responsible role, verification method, and review needed before resuming.
What to make

The remaining amount and a stop, verify, and resume procedure.

Try it first, then open the example
¥600 remains. The campaign role stops before the limit, allowing for reporting delay, and verifies delivery has stopped. A broken destination triggers an immediate stop. Resume only after review and separate approval.
A common pitfall

Assuming a notification received after the limit is reached will prevent overspending.

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079Marketing30 minChoose distribution around people’s questionsGive each piece of content a clear job based on a buyer’s question.Advanced

The brief

You have 120 fictional preparation minutes: a FAQ article takes 60, product-listing copy takes 30, and a referral information sheet takes 30.

Three steps to try

  1. Write three questions someone asks before buying.
  2. Assign a question to each piece and total the preparation time.
  3. Define the next information to check and the response to observe for each.
What to make

A plan covering three content roles, next steps, preparation time, and observations.

Try it first, then open the example
The FAQ answers “Will it fit?”, the listing explains the contents, and the referral sheet identifies who it suits. Total: 120 minutes. Each points to specifications; views and purchases are counted separately.
A common pitfall

Treating preparation and maintenance as free. Do not publish or send materials outside this exercise.

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080Marketing30 minCompare clicks with contributionCompare click-through rate and contribution after acquisition costs while stating the limits.Advanced

The brief

Fictional data for one period: A has 10,000 impressions, 1,000 clicks, 32 completed deliveries, and ¥40,000 ad spend. B has 10,000 impressions, 600 clicks, 29 completed deliveries, and ¥24,000 ad spend. Both sell at ¥5,000 with ¥2,000 variable cost per delivery.

Three steps to try

  1. Calculate the click-through rate for A and B.
  2. Subtract variable costs and ad spend from completed-delivery revenue.
  3. State the comparison and what to check before considering expansion.
What to make

Click-through rates, contribution figures, and the next checks.

Try it first, then open the example
A: 32 × ¥3,000 − ¥40,000 = ¥56,000. B: 29 × ¥3,000 − ¥24,000 = ¥63,000. B leaves more this time. Check fixed costs, fulfillment capacity, and comparable conditions before deciding what comes next.
A common pitfall

Choosing A from its higher click-through rate alone, or assuming this period’s results will repeat.

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081Partnerships5 minAgree on what a good result meansDescribe the shared purpose and the first outcome to work toward.Foundation

The brief

Two people are preparing a fictional display. One prioritizes explaining it to visitors; the other prioritizes the finish of the display itself.

Three steps to try

  1. Write one sentence about each person’s expectations.
  2. Separate the shared purpose from points of difference.
  3. Choose one first outcome to check and ask for agreement.
What to make

Three lines: shared purpose, difference, and a first agreement proposal.

Try it first, then open the example
Shared purpose: help first-time visitors understand the display. Difference: rehearsal versus finishing work. Could we first make one exhibit ready to explain and review it together?
A common pitfall

Saying “We have the same goal” without exploring different expectations.

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082Partnerships10 minDefine ownership and handoffsMake it clear which role produces what and who receives it next.Foundation

The brief

You are jointly making a fictional information card. Ownership of the text, illustration, and final review is unclear.

Three steps to try

  1. Separate the text, illustration, and review tasks.
  2. Assign one responsible role and one receiving role to each task.
  3. Describe each handoff and its timing, then check for gaps or duplicate ownership.
What to make

An ownership and handoff outline for three tasks.

Try it first, then open the example
The writer gives a heading and text to the illustrator before the next meeting. The illustrator passes a layout to the reviewer. The reviewer returns specific changes to both.
A common pitfall

Making everyone responsible without deciding who takes the first action.

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083Partnerships10 minSeparate advice from decision authorityDistinguish roles that contribute ideas, check requirements, and make the decision.Foundation

The brief

Several layout ideas have been proposed for a fictional event. The organizer role has final approval.

Three steps to try

  1. Identify the input and checks the layout needs.
  2. Separate the drafting, usability-checking, and final-approval roles.
  3. Write one status sentence for a proposal and one for communicating the approved result.
What to make

A role-based decision process and examples of proposed versus approved status.

Try it first, then open the example
The drafting role proposes a layout, the usability role checks the aisles, and the organizer approves. “Option A is under review. We will share the final layout after approval.”
A common pitfall

Treating the loudest opinion as an approved decision.

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084Partnerships5 minMake a small commitment checkableSpecify the item, scope, and timing of a commitment.Foundation

The brief

In a fictional collaboration, you said, “I will prepare something later.” The other person does not know its scope or timing.

Three steps to try

  1. Choose one initial deliverable.
  2. Decide what it includes and what remains outside its scope.
  3. Choose a manageable fictional review point and ask whether it works for the other person.
What to make

A commitment sentence with clear scope and timing.

Try it first, then open the example
I can prepare one text-only draft before our next meeting. It will not include the illustration yet. Would that be a useful stage for your review?
A common pitfall

Promising to handle everything without defining what that means.

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085Partnerships10 minReplan around a delayed handoffCheck the situation without blame and move forward with independent tasks.Applied

The brief

An illustration for a fictional display is late. You can still review the text and prepare the backing board.

Three steps to try

  1. Separate tasks that need the illustration from those that do not.
  2. Write a question about the expected timing and any difficulty the other person is facing.
  3. Plan one sequence for an early handoff and another for a later handoff.
What to make

A status-check question and two work sequences.

Try it first, then open the example
Could you share the current outlook and anything making progress difficult? If the illustration arrives soon, we can check the layout; otherwise, we can review the text and prepare the board first.
A common pitfall

Letting one delayed dependency stop every other useful task.

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086Partnerships20 minRenegotiate an added requestMake the effects of the addition visible and agree again on scope and timing.Applied

The brief

A fictional project originally covered one display notice. A takeaway card is now requested as well, with the same deadline.

Three steps to try

  1. Separate the original commitment from the added work.
  2. Identify the changes in effort, sequence, and required checks.
  3. Offer a notice-first option and an option with reduced scope for both items, then ask for a decision.
What to make

A discussion draft showing the change and two adjustment options.

Try it first, then open the example
The takeaway card is additional to the agreed notice. We could finish the notice first and prepare the card later, or reduce the content of both. Could we agree on which takes priority?
A common pitfall

Accepting an addition as small without explaining its effect on the original commitment.

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087Partnerships20 minFind the needs behind a disagreementUnderstand the conditions each person wants to protect.Applied

The brief

In a fictional joint presentation, one person wants a shorter explanation while another wants detailed cautions.

Three steps to try

  1. State each position in neutral language.
  2. Invent an answer from each role about what concerns them.
  3. Create an option that addresses both needs and plan a short rehearsal to examine it.
What to make

Two underlying needs and one option to try.

Try it first, then open the example
Imagine that one role is concerned about listener fatigue and the other about misuse. Put the essential caution first, with detail in a supplement, and rehearse the explanation together.
A common pitfall

Making the other person’s concession the only acceptable resolution.

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088Partnerships20 minExchange one useful piece of feedback at a timeShare one helpful behavior and one change to try next.Applied

The brief

Two people have finished a fictional explanation rehearsal. They want to exchange feedback, but tend to suggest too many changes at once.

Three steps to try

  1. From invented observations, choose one useful action and one moment to improve.
  2. Ask for the other person’s view, then propose one action they could try.
  3. Switch roles, invent a response, and clarify the change accepted and anything left for later.
What to make

Short feedback from both roles and the next change to try.

Try it first, then open the example
“Showing the numbers made the order clear. There was hesitation when the tool appeared. Could you try pointing to the tool next time?” Reply: “I will try that and leave the wording unchanged for now.”
A common pitfall

Listing so many improvements that the other person cannot choose a next action.

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089Partnerships20 minReview how the collaboration worksTurn a recurring difficulty into a testable change in the process.Advanced

The brief

In a fictional joint project, revisions repeatedly arrive just before completion. You want to examine the review process without assuming someone is not trying hard enough.

Three steps to try

  1. Map a recent fictional workflow and show what was reviewed at each point.
  2. Develop two possible causes, separating supporting information from unknowns.
  3. Choose one change for the next round and set a point to review both its usefulness and added effort.
What to make

A workflow, two hypotheses, and a one-round improvement trial.

Try it first, then open the example
Possible causes: unclear completion criteria or no early review. Next time, review the headings once before drafting. Compare late revision work and added review time, then decide whether to continue.
A common pitfall

Using reflection to assign blame without changing the working process.

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090Partnerships30 minAgree on a clear handoff and endingClarify remaining decisions and give the next person an actionable handoff.Advanced

The brief

One person’s assignment on a fictional display is ending. The notice is complete, an illustration awaits review, and the layout remains undecided.

Three steps to try

  1. Separate completed, review-pending, and undecided items using fictional artifact names.
  2. Give each handoff item a next responsible role, required decision, and review point.
  3. Invent two questions from the recipient, improve the explanation, and clarify the outgoing role’s remaining scope and end point.
What to make

A handoff organized by three states and a proposed end to the assignment.

Try it first, then open the example
Complete: notice A. Pending: illustration B goes to the reviewer. Undecided: the organizer must decide layout C. Propose gathering questions until the next handoff review, after which the new owner handles changes.
A common pitfall

Saying “Contact me anytime” without clarifying unresolved decisions or the end of ownership.

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091Business economics5 minCalculate what one sale contributesSeparate the selling price from the cost incurred for each unit.Foundation

The brief

In a fictional card-making exercise, each sale brings in ¥1,200 and incurs ¥700 in variable costs. No other costs are included here.

Three steps to try

  1. Write the price and variable cost in separate columns.
  2. Subtract variable cost from the price.
  3. Calculate the remaining amount as a percentage of the price.
What to make

A per-unit calculation and its percentage of revenue.

Try it first, then open the example
1,200 − 700 = ¥500. 500 ÷ 1,200 × 100 ≈ 41.7%. This contribution is available before covering fixed costs.
A common pitfall

Treating the entire ¥1,200 selling price as profit.

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092Business economics10 minSeparate revenue, costs, and profitDistinguish costs that scale with units from a single fixed total.Foundation

The brief

A fictional guide-card exercise sells eight units at ¥1,500 each. Variable cost is ¥600 per unit and total fixed cost is ¥2,000. Exercise profit deducts only these stated costs.

Three steps to try

  1. Multiply price by quantity to find revenue.
  2. Add total variable cost and fixed cost.
  3. Subtract total costs from revenue and check the equation.
What to make

A table of revenue, variable costs, fixed costs, and profit.

Try it first, then open the example
¥12,000 revenue − ¥4,800 variable costs − ¥2,000 fixed costs = ¥5,200 profit.
A common pitfall

Deducting only per-unit costs and forgetting the fixed total.

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093Business economics10 minFind the break-even quantityCalculate and verify the sales quantity at which profit is zero.Foundation

The brief

A fictional booklet sells for ¥1,000, costs ¥400 per sold copy to produce, and has ¥3,000 in fixed costs. Only sold copies are produced; there are no other costs.

Three steps to try

  1. Find the amount each copy contributes toward fixed costs.
  2. Divide fixed costs by that amount.
  3. Calculate profit one copy below, at, and one copy above that quantity.
What to make

The break-even quantity and three surrounding profit calculations.

Try it first, then open the example
3,000 ÷ (1,000 − 400) = 5 copies. Profit = 600 × copies − 3,000.
A common pitfall

Dividing fixed costs by the selling price while ignoring per-copy costs.

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094Business economics10 minTrack cash before payment arrivesDistinguish expected receipts from cash currently available.Foundation

The brief

A fictional practice account starts with ¥5,000. Materials cost ¥3,000 now, and an ¥8,000 delivery payment arrives the next day. There are no other cash movements.

Three steps to try

  1. List the starting point, after materials payment, and after receipt.
  2. Update each balance using only cash that has actually moved.
  3. Check an additional ¥2,500 payment immediately after materials and after receipt.
What to make

Three balances and a payment-feasibility check.

Try it first, then open the example
After materials, ¥2,000 is ¥500 short of the extra payment. After receipt, paying ¥2,500 from ¥10,000 leaves ¥7,500.
A common pitfall

Counting an invoiced amount as cash before receiving it.

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095Business economics20 minCalculate delivery capacity from timeInclude setup and checking when calculating capacity.Applied

The brief

A fictional production exercise has 420 minutes available, a one-time 60-minute setup, and 120 minutes of production and checking per item. Items are handled sequentially.

Three steps to try

  1. Subtract the one-time setup from available time.
  2. Divide the remaining time by 120 minutes to find completed whole items.
  3. Calculate the time required and shortfall for four items.
What to make

Completed-item capacity and the time shortfall for four items.

Try it first, then open the example
(420 − 60) ÷ 120 = 3 items. Four require 60 + 120 × 4 = 540 minutes, a 120-minute shortfall.
A common pitfall

Promising a quantity based on production time alone while omitting setup or checking.

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096Business economics20 minCompare a price change with its volume assumptionCompare profit using both price and assumed quantity.Applied

The brief

Two fictional options assume ten sales at ¥2,000 each or eight sales at ¥2,200 each. Both have ¥800 variable cost per sale and ¥4,000 fixed costs, with no other costs.

Three steps to try

  1. Calculate revenue and total variable cost for each option.
  2. Deduct fixed costs and compare profits.
  3. State the result and separately note that quantities are untested assumptions.
What to make

A two-option calculation and an assumption-qualified comparison.

Try it first, then open the example
Current: 20,000 − 8,000 − 4,000 = ¥8,000. Changed: 17,600 − 6,400 − 4,000 = ¥7,200. These quantity assumptions produce ¥800 less.
A common pitfall

Using a higher unit price alone as evidence of higher profit.

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097Business economics20 minInclude the cost of defective unitsInclude production costs incurred for units that could not be sold.Applied

The brief

A fictional model-making exercise produces ten units, discards two defective ones, and sells eight. Price is ¥1,500, materials cost ¥500 per unit produced, and fixed costs are ¥1,000. There are no other costs.

Three steps to try

  1. Separate produced, discarded, and sold quantities.
  2. Use sold quantity for revenue and produced quantity for materials cost.
  3. Compare profit with the case where all ten units are sold.
What to make

Calculations with and without the two discarded units.

Try it first, then open the example
With defects: 12,000 − 5,000 − 1,000 = ¥6,000. Without defects: 15,000 − 5,000 − 1,000 = ¥9,000.
A common pitfall

Counting materials only for the eight sold units and erasing the cost of discarded units.

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098Business economics20 minSee how changing assumptions affects profitSeparate the effects of changing one assumption and several assumptions.Applied

The brief

A fictional baseline has a ¥1,000 price, ten sales, ¥400 variable cost per sale, and ¥3,000 fixed costs. Compare eight sales, a ¥500 variable cost, and both changes together. Everything else stays the same.

Three steps to try

  1. Create rows for baseline, fewer sales, higher unit cost, and both.
  2. Enter each set of inputs and calculate profit.
  3. Calculate the change from baseline and identify which inputs changed.
What to make

Four profits and their differences from baseline.

Try it first, then open the example
Both changes: (1,000 − 500) × 8 − 3,000 = ¥1,000, which is ¥2,000 below baseline.
A common pitfall

Forgetting that total variable costs also change when sales quantity changes.

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099Business economics30 minCompare reinvestment ideas with a cash floorSelect an option meeting both a cash floor and an improvement target.Advanced

The brief

This fictional allocation exercise has ¥5,000 and requires keeping ¥3,000. Tool A costs ¥2,000 and is assumed to save six minutes per task. Template B costs ¥1,000 and saves three. The goal is at least 40 minutes across ten tasks. Combined savings add together. Make no actual purchase.

Three steps to try

  1. Calculate spending and cash remaining for A, B, and both.
  2. Calculate each option’s assumed savings across ten tasks.
  3. Select the option meeting both conditions and describe how to test the saving assumption.
What to make

Three-option comparison, conditional selection, and a validation plan.

Try it first, then open the example
Choose A within this exercise: ¥3,000 remains and assumed savings are 60 minutes. B misses the time target; both miss the cash floor. Test one invented task under comparable conditions.
A common pitfall

Looking only at potential savings and spending cash that the plan requires retaining.

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100Business economics30 minChoose a delivery mix within a time limitFind the highest-profit feasible mix under the stated time and quantity limits.Advanced

The brief

In a fictional order exercise, A sells for ¥1,800, costs ¥600, takes 30 minutes, and has a four-unit limit. B sells for ¥2,800, costs ¥1,000, takes 60 minutes, and has a two-unit limit. Available time is 180 minutes; fixed costs are ¥1,200. Times include checking, there are no other costs, and quantities are nonnegative integers.

Three steps to try

  1. List all fifteen combinations of zero to four A units and zero to two B units.
  2. Exclude combinations above 180 minutes and calculate remaining revenues and costs.
  3. Choose the highest-profit feasible mix and compare it with the runner-up.
What to make

A fifteen-combination comparison and the best feasible option.

Try it first, then open the example
A4 plus B1: ¥10,000 revenue − ¥3,400 variable costs − ¥1,200 fixed costs = ¥5,400. Time: 4 × 30 + 60 = 180 minutes. This result applies to the stated conditions.
A common pitfall

Prioritizing the higher-priced B without considering time per unit and quantity limits.

Check what you can demonstrate

Tick a criterion after trying it and explaining your result. Your answer does not have to match the example.

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